Ancient Temples of Sindh
By Sanjay
Godbole
the ‘Thar’
Division in Pakistan has an expanse of
twenty thousand square kilometers. During the
census of this area in the year 1981 A.D., it
was revealed that 0.5 million people were
settled over there. Geographically, this 'Thar’
(desert) has been created out of heaps formed
from the sandy dunes, saltish residues and
oysters from the kutch desert and carried
naturally over there over a period of years.
The desert of ‘Thar’ was controlled by
the ‘Rajputs’ (a warrior community). Many
rulers from Rajput dynasties such as Sodha,
Sumera, Sanna, Rathod etc. ruled here. Mehmud
Gaznavi traversed the Thar desert and came to
Somnath for attacking and destroying the temple.
During the British regime, one Capt.
Recks studied this terrain geographically.
According to him, ‘Parinagar’ was an important
and large port in the pre-Christian era. A large
tributary of the River Sindhu contributed its
flow into the Arabian Sea. The river was called
‘Hakdi’ at that time. Subsequently on account of
onslought of natural calamities such as
earthquake, the river changed its course and
many towns and villages vanished in the blue.
The ‘Kutch’ province was created due to turmoil
on account of earthquakes and subsequent drying
up of the Arabian sea in parts. Sindh has many
ancient legacies such as temples,
Mathaslamaseries, kundassacred tanks and such
other ancient holy places. The Government of
Sindh had published a Gazzettier in Sindhi
language. Mr. Jagdish Rathi, a Sindhi author,
sent me a few pages from this Gazzetter. These
give an oblique reference to many such holy
pilgrimage sites. There is a holy water tank
situated at Nagarparkar which owes its
origin by dint of the legendary story
given in Mahabharata that Bheema
kneeled down here. This Kunda admeasures
30' x 20' in size.
In the direction
of North West from ‘Nagarparkar’ lies a place
called ‘Achalshor’ where there are
natural springs. There is a temple of Lord Shiva
and a charitable rest house built by ‘Satramdasa’,
where many ascetics dwell. A natural spring
stemming and originating at the foot of a
mountain near the old town is called ‘Zarano’ in
the local dialect. There is also a cave in the
mountain at the east side of nagarparkar, which
can accommodate about 25 persons. During
emergency and period of crisis, the womenfolk
was safely put in the cave and the opening of
the cave was closed with stones and the men
faced the enemies. This place was called as
‘Bavanji Bibo’. A Fort was built near
Nagarparkar by one Shri. Govind Rai, which was
levelled with the ground by the British.
‘Ghordharo’ is an ancient place near ‘Karunjar’.
The place is revered as a sacred place in Sindh,
it exists from Vedic times. There is a lake
called ‘Lorai'. The water from this lake
goes right upto ‘Katch’. There are many ancient
remains in the Vicinity of ‘Ghordharo’
This ‘Thar’
desert and the ‘Thar’ region has also been
alluded to by many literatures from Pakistan in
their works. Similarly, special mention has been
made by some travellers about the sand dunes,
desolated barren lands and peaceful tranquillity
of this region. ‘Mazrul Islam’ a famous author
and storyteller has said that his heart and Thar’
are identical with the same desert. In the South
East direction of Thar lies the ‘Nagarparkar’
district which is still undeveloped, there are
huge egg-shaped hills measuring 12 miles long
and 1000 feet high. There are many temples
belonging to Hindu and Jain faiths. During the
pre-independence times, all these temples were
always thronged by pilgrims. These are, however,
in a deserted state and in neglected conditions
in that the patrons of them have settled in
India.
But these
temples are, even as on today, known and are
referred to for their Architecture and legacy.
In an area at the foot of ‘Karunjar’ hills,
within a periphery of 50 kilometers, there are
five Derasars (Jain temples). Out of these, two
temples are in good shape and structurally
sound. Out of these five Jain temples, the most
famous is called ‘Gori Mandir’ and is at a
distance of 40 km. in the North-West direction
from ‘Karunjar’. This temple was built, it is
believed, since olden times. It was built during
the regime of rulers from ‘Sodha’ dynasty, who
ruled the province of Sindh during 1376 A.D.
Since no inscriptions are available in the
Mandir, confirmed conclusions and inferences can
not be drawn as to the establishment of the
same. This temple is of the size of 39 M x 15 M
and is built in Jodhpur stone, which is quite
akin to Marble. There is a court yard in the
front side of the temple, in the North
direction; and there are acmes in the shape of
Umbrellas, on the top of the temple. After
entering the temple from the Southern end, one
can have glimpses of the rectangular spaces [Khana:
means the space between two consecutive pillars]
and the acmes over it. Long ago, way back, some
idols had been installed there. Since, now that,
these idols are no more existent, the acmes and
the pillars and the Umbrellas are all in a
broken state. At the back side of the main
market at Nagarparkar, there exists a Jain
temple in a neglected and deserted state. The
temple has acmes in the shape of “triangle and
there is a lot of carved work on the walls and
the pillars. There are many sculptures depicting
Jain Mythology. Way back, there were many
painting and sketches also. But these are all
destroyed and sculptures are broken. The
colourful tiles set in the temple have also
vanished. There is no one to look after the
temple. When there was partition, the Jain
community, en masse, chose to go to India.
The ‘Karunjar’
hill, for the Hindus of the Sindh is like a
permanent holy place. The town of Sardharo is
situated centrally amongst these hills, which
are composed of Granite stone with a reddish
tinge. In total there are three temples and the
Shiva-Parvati temple is very famous. There is a
temple of the Goddess on the Dharohar hill.
Sardharo next to ‘Hinglaj’ is considered to be
the 2nd important holy place in Pakistan. People
come here for immersion of the bones of the dead
in the ‘Kunda’ over here. For the upkeep of this
holy place, the ‘Nehalpuri’ family consisting of
8 members is permanently settled here.
The residents of
Sindh treat and rever the fountain water as holy
as the water from the river Ganges. On the
auspicious day of Mahashivratri around twenty
thousand devotees come here to offer their
prayers and Puja. In this temple there are some
idols of deities and some paintings of God and
Goddesses. Though this temple is nothing special
from architectural points of view, it enjoys
special importance due to a legend mentioned in
Hindu scriptures; and therefore this place is
held in high esteem by the masses. This legend
runs as follows- Once upon a time, a couple of
deer and doe was returning homewards in the
valley of ‘Karunjar' and the deer slipped’ from
a high cliff and fell in the lake below. It got
drowned and died. The doe rushed forward to
rescue the deer and in doing so, got herself
entangled in a nearby bush. Her head got stuck
in the bush and rest of her body bogged down in
the lake. Subsequent to this incident, the doe
was reborn in a merchant family of ‘Patan’ She,
unfortunately suffered from chronic headache
(migraine) and could not be cured of this
disease in spite of treatments and medications.
A Brahmin priest from the town, with the help of
his deep studies and intuitive powers visualized
the past of this unfortunate girl and told her
parents to retrieve the remains of the head of
the doe and immerse them in the lake. The
parents of the girl acted upon the advice of the
priest and the girl got totally rid of the
sufferings. In kind remembrance of this, the
parents of the girl erected three temples by the
side of the lake.
Due to
geographical situation, ‘Nagarparkar’ is
accessible with great difficulties. In the olden
days the pilgrims took two full days to traverse
a distance of 490 km from Karachi to reach ‘Nagarparkar’.
But now with the construction of concrete roads,
one can reach ‘Mithi’ from Karachi within 7
hours. ‘Mithi’ happens to be the district head
quarters of the 'Thar Parkar’ desert area. From
‘Mithi’ one can reach ‘Nagarparkar’ within a
short period of 3 hours. From ‘Nagarparkar’,
with the assistance of local guidance one can go
to ‘Sardharo’. Lodging and Boarding arrangements
of pilgrims can be made by paying charges of Rs.
1500 per day at the residence of a local man.
There is no road in good condition for going to
Sardharo from ‘Nagarparkar’. Hence the pilgrims
have to pass many obstacles and obstructions.
According to a local resident Shri. ‘Maun Puri’,
though the Hindu Panchayat Committee is looking
after the up keep of the temple; it is not in a
position to raise funds to make proper
arrangements for lodging and boarding of the
pilgrims. If, according to Shri. Maun Puri, the
Govt, makes adequate arrangements to construct a
permanent Road from ‘Nagarparkar’ to ‘Sardharo’
the aged and the women can also have glimpses of
this holy place. A few days back Mr. Maqbool
Ahmad undertook a detailed survey of the temple
and published an illustrated report of the same
in Herald. He also appealed to the Govt,
authorities to take concrete steps to preserve
and conserve this valuable heritage of
historical importance. In the year 2003 A.D. Mr.
Aziz Sanghdar, prepared an exhaustive report
about the neglected and ignored remains existing
in this area. Janab Zulfikar Syed, too,
published a report about ‘Karunjar’ under the
name and title ‘Lost world’.
Some days
back, I was acquainted with Mr.
‘Jethanand’ a "resident of ‘Dhano’, a town
in Sindh. Mr. Jethanand gave me a reference
to a Baloch gentleman Janab Ali Khosu, who is 94
now and has thorough and in-depth knowledge of
the history of Sindh - very recently, G.O.T.V.,
had broadcast a programme about Janab Khosu.
When contacted,
Janab Khosu informed that upto the year 1971
many Jain ascetics visited this holy place.
About 1200 Jains were settled in Nagarparkar and
the Jain population in ‘Parshvanath Gori’ was
2000. But majority of them migrated to India.
There is a water tank here (Kund) which has
natural sources of water, which subsequently
joins the river water. This kund is called ‘Mrigakund’.
A Huge fair is held here by end of ‘Kartik’ (the
8th month of Hindu calendar.) There is a temple
of Lord Shiva at Sadhu Bela near Sakkar, where a
fair is held in the month of June. The famous
Hindu ascetic, ‘Parashar’ had carried out his
penance on the hills of ‘Sarodhar’. There are
prints of his feet here. Janab Khosu further
added that prior to Partition, this region was
famous for Communal harmony. Many fairs were
held and various festivals were celebrated.
Yogis and Saints flocked here. In the precincts
of this area many remains of Jain, Hindu and
Buddha idols were surfaced. An image of Lord
Shiva was also found. In addition ancient
utensils and containers, along with other
remains were also found. In the area surrounding
‘Sarodhar’, ‘Agriculture’ was professed on a
very large scale. The honey was exported. Today,
there is only one household of the Jains. The
Name of ‘Nagarparkar’ has its origin with three
words. Nagar means city, Par means to go beyond
or transcend the limits and kar means to do -
according to Mr. Khosu.
Janab Khosu has
his formal education upto the second standard
and that too in Sindhi medium. On account of his
affinity for culture and history, he has visited
all the holy places of pilgrimage and has
studied ‘Ramayana’, ‘Mahabharata’ and history to
great detail. He has sharp memory even now and
he has a flare to teach and elucidate the
cultural history of Sindh to many scholars and
students he comes in contact with.
Erudites like
Janab Khosu are furthering the cause of the
study of the cultural pride of the past and the
bygone areas. And surely it is a matter of pride
for all of us that he continues with his
endeavour with the same zeal.
(The author is a noted archaeologist,
based in Pune).
Source: Kashmir
Sentinel
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