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Are Pt. Tota Ram Naqqash and Pt. Tota Ram the same person?
by Dr. R.K. Tamiri
P t. Tota Ram
Naqqash, a
master of Kashmir school of
painting lived in a rented room
in the Wachhowali area of
Lahore. Wachhowali was one of
the two localities where Kashmiri
Pandits lived before partition. He
was a bachelor, his sister was
married to Pt. Mukand Ram
Gurtoo (1831-1997), the founder
of the Mitra Vilas Press and
Akhbar-i-Am,
in Lahore.
There is hardly any information
about his ancestry. In
Srinagar the only other Pandit
family with
'Naqqash'
as the clan
alias used to live in Naqqash
pora locality of Sathu Barbar
Shah. They were basically Kouls.
According to Shri Santosh
Kumar Gurtu, the grandson of Pt.
Mukand Ram Gurtu, Tota Ram
Naqqash lived in 2nd half of 19th
Century. Possible, Tota Ram
died around 1880 AD. After his
death his paintings were deposited
with Gurtu family. With the
break-up of the Gurtoo joint family
in the first quarter of 20th
Century, some paintings were
inherited by Sh. Balkrishna
Gurtu, father of Sh. Santosh
Kumar Gurtoo. In mid-July 1947
when Lahore was rocked by unprecedented
communal violence,
Sh. Santosh Kumar, was able to
retrieve part of the treasure that
his family had inherited. These
master paintings adorn his beautiful
study. The author had the
opportunity to see these. While
recalling the story of how he
managed to save these paintings
for posterity, Sh. Santosh Kumar
virtually broke down a number
of times.
There are two glaring missing
links. One, what happened to the
other paintings passed on to
brothers of Sh. Balkrishna Gurtu?
Secondly, Are the paintings
which Pt. Tota Ram Naqqash
drew for individual buyers
still
extant?
In Sh. Santosh Kumar's collection
we have nine paintings,
registered under the Antiquities
and Art Treasures Act 1972. As
per Sh. Gurtoo, these paintings
were drawn between 1860-1880
A.D. The paintings have these
themes:
1.
Shaarika Goddess
with
Brahma, Visnu and Mahesh and
the nine grahas invloving her
blessings.
2. Vishnu at the Sheshnag,
the halt before Panchtarni on
way to Amarnath Cave.
3.
Six handed Shankar
and
Parvati, with folded hands, celebrating
Herath (Shivratri),
Shankar holding two vatkus
(small earthern pots) full of almonds
and walnuts for distribution
among the devotees. Parvati
is the first devotee.
4.
Five headed Shankar
and
Parvati at Panchtarni. From the
Jataa of each head of Shankar,
springs a stream of the Ganga.
Besides these pu rely Kashmiri themes, the other
themes are:
1. Rishi Markandaya giving
sermon to a devotee.
2. Rishi Markandaya explaining
the fundamentals of
dharma to a ruler.
3. A young yogi giving sermon
to an elderly
sadhu.
4. The Guru performing
yagya: A shishya
reciting
veda.
There is another painting in
the collection, which deals with
a non-religious theme-the flower
work.
It was not uncommon in 19th
Century and early 20th century,
as recalled by Pt. Sthanu Dutt,
the former Librarian of the
Kurukshetra University, that
Kashmiri Pandit scribes would
visit Punjab every year to seek
business for their profession.
What is relevant here is that
these scribes would shout, like
street hawkers,
'Katib', 'Katib',
'Katib mai musavvir' (scribes
together with a painter'.
Some
of these Katibs knew the art of
illustration and painting as well.
In the National Museum,
Delhi (there is a collection of 42
paintings, contained within text
panels. The manuscript
'Ram
Geeti Katha' (Acc. No. 56.19/1)
has 274 folios, written in Nastaliq
script in Brajbhasha. As per
colophon the painting was
completed in 1847 (1904 Bikrami).
The manuscript is discussed by
Karuna Goswamy in her
'Kashmiri Paintings' (M.10
Page 79-80). The colophon written
in red ink says that Pt. Tota
Ram did the work for Lala Genda
Mal Ji in 1847 in the administrative
domains of Maharaj a Gulab
Singh. There is no name of the
painter mentioned in the Colophon.
Karuna Goswamy observes:
"The scribe of the manuscript
someone known from
other Kashmiri works which
have survived, is Pt. Tota
Ram...one would not be surprised
if the work is in the hand
of Pt. Tota Ram himself who may
have learnt the art alike of
painting and calligraphy".
Kashmiri Pandit calligraphers
were not known to have dealt
with themes as depicted in 'Ram
Geeti Katha'. Goswamy says
that this text could perhaps be
the only known manuscript of
the Ram Geeti
Katha, which
appears
to be a version in Brajbhasa
verse of an older Sanskrit work,
the Hanuman
Hatak. She
says
Pt. Tota Ram may have been
quite used to doing calligraphy
works for Hindu and Sikh
patrons in Punjab and Kashmir.
The noted art historian includes
Ram Geeti Katha as a work done
by a Kashmiri on the basis of
style; conventions employed in
rendering of figures, landscapes,
sky, architecture; the colour; depiction
of flowering shrubs, the
distinctive tree, Ravana (with ten
heads), rishis with their heads
dressed in Kashmiri Kantopas;
the treatment of fire etc. There is
another manuscript in National
Museum (Acc. No. 86.154/1-2) -
The
Ram Charitamanasa of
Tulsi Dasa in 2 Vols. with 105
paintings. Karuna Goswamy
(M.11, p 80-82) attributes this
work also, on the basis of its style,
to a Kashmiri calligrapher/
painter. Since there is no name
of the painter/calligrapher
mentioned in the Colophon, its
authorship can be decided only
after close examination of the
style. 'Bhasmasura seeks
the blessings of Shiva (p. 15, pp 31)’, - on
the basis of its style,
phrasing of the caption and its
placing, makes Karuna Goswamy
pronounce that Ram Geeti
Kathua and the other two
annoymous works were done by
same group of scribes and artists.
Who was Pt. Tota Ram, the
calligrapher-painter of
Ram
Geeti Katha? Are Pt. Tota Ram
Naqqash and Pt. Tota Ram the
same person? The two lived
around the same time. Pt. Tota
Ram Naqqash, as his paintings
dealing with religious non-
Kashmiri themes reveal, was
well-versed with the religious
folklore of northern India. His
brother-in-law, Pt. Mukand Ram
Gurtoo was a well-known calligrapher
in Lahore. Did Pt. Tota
Ram Naqqash do the illustration
work for the calligraphy done by
his brother-in-law? We do not
have any answers.
It is rather strange that none
of the Kashmiri artists of our
times have tried to work on the
comprehensive art history of
Kashmiri miniature paintings
particularly pertaining to 19th
century. The works of master
painters of 19th century are available.
With a little effort it should
not been difficult to work on the
biographeis of these painters - Hardas, his son Raja Ram Koul
Tota, grandson Daya Ram Tota,
Birbal Kaul, Devi Sahai Kaul
Vasudev Garyali, and many others.
Dr. BN Sharga has shown
through his work that where there is will there is a way.
Source: Kashmir
Sentinel
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