Northern Frontiers - Last Bastion of Indian Defence
By Dr. M.K. Teng
For most of the years
of the last five decades, while the Congress ruled the country, the policy
of the Indian government in respect of the defence of the Northern Frontiers
of India, lacked foresight and perspective besides the determination to
ensure the security of the country. The Congress leadership, knew much
less of what was happening behind the scene, when the Radcliffe Commission
divided the Punjab. Mehar Chand Mahajan and Sardar Teja Singh, the former
representing the Hindus and the latter the Sikhs, on the Boundary Commission,
fought a bitter battle with the Muslim representatives Justice Munir Ahmad
and Justice Din Mohammad, who actually sought to grab the whole of the
upper Bari Doah for Pakistan to ensure control over the Madhopur canal
headworks and close the borders of the east Punjab to Jammu and Kashmir.
Mahajan and Teja Singh did not concede any ground and Radcliffe, adopting
a uniform set of principles for the demarcation of Muslim majority regions
in the west Punjab and the demarcation of the Hindu majority regions in
the east, provided a borderline with Pakistan which secured its reach to
its traditional defence line over the Himalayas Radcliffe Award was mainly
an arbitral award, which the chairman of the Boundary Commission pronounced,
but the main ground on which it was based, was prepared by Mahajan and
Teja Singh. Not the Congress leadersm but the Arya Samaj veteran Bakhshi
Tek Chand, the noted legal luminare Sir Shadi Lal and Maharaja Hari Singh
the ruler of Jammu and Kashmir, stood by Mahajan and Teja Singh during
those crucial days, when the fate of the Himalayan frontier hung in the
balance.
For India, the access to the Himalayas was
as vital as the transfer of power from the British, for the attempt of
the British and the Muslim League to cut away the whole of the warm Himalayan
hinterland spreading over the upper Punjab, the Punjab Hill States, now
reorganised in the Indian State of Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir.
Gandhi and Nehru, however, were oblivious to the importance of the divide
in the north. The Indian leaders never realised the startling truth, that
the expansion of the Muslim power of Pakistan into the warm Himalayan hinterland
, would dismanttle the traditional frontier of India in north and perhaps,
push down the Indian borders to the least viable geography across the the
planes of the Punjab in the north and the Himalayan foothills in these
north east. Inside the Congress Working Committee the eternal debate of
how the dogma of passive resistance could be used to bring about the unification
of the states with India, continued unabated, while the Muslim ruled states
of Hyderabad, Bhopal and Junagarh situated in the Indian heartland prepared
to remain out of India and the Muslims in the border districts of Jammu
and Kashmir plotted to force the unification of Jammu and Kashmir with
Pakistan. Junagarh acceded to Pakistan to the consternation of Gandhi as
well as Nehru, but they quietened down, for Mountbatten held the reins of
power in India. The Congress leaders received the second jolt, when Pakistan
invaded Jammu and Kashmir. Again the Indian government wobbled, with Mountbatten
managing to provide the invading armies, six long days to cover the ground
from Kohalla, the last border outpost of the state, to Srinagar, a distance
usually covered in a days time. The wrangles between the Prime Minister
office, the British officials commanding various formations of the Indian
army, the Viceroy and the mercenaries of the British who had taken key
positions in the states department, wasted precious time. Jammu and Kashmir
was saved by the Hindu elements of the Dogra army, of which the Muslim
ranks had deserted to join the invading hordes, and the over cautious army
command of Pakistan, which sought to spread into the state without giving
India a cause to react in concern. Pakistan perhaps, did not want India
to take the offensive in Junagarh and Hyderabad, where they hoped to entrench
deeper after they had reduced Jammu and Kashmir and dismantled the traditional
frontier of India.
The Indian government opted for a cease-fire
in 1949, and accepted to handover more than one third of Jammu and Kashmir
to Pakistan, along with the strategic outposts of Gilgit and Baltistan
as well as the Dardic dependencies of the State, Hunza, Nagrar, Yasin,
Ish Koman, Darel, Koh-Gizir and Pumal, streching along the main routes
entering Kashmir from the north. In 1950, only one year after the cease-fire,
the Indian leaders handed over the rest of the state to the Muslims of
Kashmir in perpetual possession by virtue of Article 370. The Himalayan
frontier to the east, was treated with greater abondon. The Indian leaders
nursed a self-deception that they were visionaries. They were products
of history, which had been distorted by the liberalist reformism of the
British Empire in India. India had considerable military interest in Tibet
and indeed an Indian army garrison was posted in Chumbi valley, enroute
to Lhasa, the Tibetan capital, besides the considerable political and religious
influence India exercised in the Tibetan capital. Pannikar was also a
product of the career civil service of the British empire. He was unable
to judge the ramifications of the Chinese advance into Tibet.
Frightened of the prospect of a conflict,
in which Pannikar saw no stakes for the Indian state, he guided the Indian
government out of Tibet. India abandoned its position in Tibet, withdrew
its garrison from Chumbi valley and closed its agency in Lhasa. But once
the Chinese consolidated their power in Tibet, they demolished the Indian
frontier all along the McMahon Line, accepted as the rightful border between
India and Tibet in a convention held at Simla in 1914. The Tibetan delegate
Lochen Shatra and the Chinese Plenipotentiary Ivon Chen signed the Simla
convention along with Sir Charles Bell, the British Indian delegate. The
Chinese, as was expected, pushed down the Indian frontier nearly two hundred
miles south of the McMohan Line. Gandhi was dead. Nehru, broken by the
Chinese action was unable to meet the challenge the Chinese posed. Tibet
the great Himalayan table-land was Sanskritised by the Hindus of Kashmir,
shortly after the beginning of the Christian era. Indeed the Sanskritisation
of the entire Himalayas in the north was accomplished by them. The Sanskritisation
of central Asia, Mongolia, and Tibet formed one continuous process, which
the Hindus of Kashmir completed. The foundations of the Tibetan theorcracy
were laid down by the Kashmir Budhist Scholar, Sakya, Pandit, a nephew
of the great Pandit Phagspa of Kashmir, the mentor of Godan Khagan the
son and successor of Timuchim, the Changis Khan. The northern Himalayan
were Indianised by the Sikhs, when the Sikhs extended the Sikh empire,
over the entire warm Himalayan hinterland up to the western Tibet. The Himayalas
remained Sanskrit and Indian after the British wrested them from the Sikhs.
The British politicised the Himalayas, and actually consolidated their
cultural unity and their Indian content into a frontier, which for over
a century, stood as the last bastion of Indian defence in the north.
The efforts of Pakistan and China, to impair
the Himalayan frontier of India, has a strategic purpose. Both seek to
demolish the Indian frontier which is Sanskrit and which is Indian. Once
it is washed away, the northern borders of India, brought down to the planes
in the Punjab and the Himalayan foothills in the east, will, pave the way
for the expansion of the Muslim power of Pakistan south and east and the
expansion of China, into the Valley of Assam and Arunachal Pradesh. The
war of attrition, which is at present being waged by Pakistan in Jammu
and Kashmir, is a pact of the Great Game, to grab the warm Himalayan hinterland
across Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Upper Punjab. India must
recover the part of Jammu and Kashmir, under the occupation of Pakistan,
without which it will not be able to close Pakistan' intervention in Jammu
and Kashmir. Peace between India and Pakistan is essential but in the new
world, with no security in a unipolar international system, the defence
of the northern frontier of India is more essential.
Source: Kashmir
Sentinel
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